第二章： 驱力

　　有个服从性训练的犬师，对工作犬产生了兴趣。于是她去评估两条来自不同优良工作系的幼犬。她分别察看过公母两条幼犬后，宣称小母犬具有更佳的Schutzhund防卫赛潜能，因为它具备相适的驱力。我也去看了相同的两条小犬，却得出了相反的结论。小母犬很可爱，对人的殷勤非同寻常，但对追球的兴趣一般。

　　她更爱去抓搔碎布头。小公犬则是另一个极端，它疯狂地追球或任何移动的东西。一旦球滚出视线，他就会不知疲倦地四处搜索。到处跑到处找。这个服从性训练的犬师错把母犬的精力和殷勤错当成了工作性驱力。而这条公犬表现出强烈的猎性，以及新情境下的自信。它将在Schutzhund方面大有前途，值得人们去重新审视。

　　A local breeder proclaimed proudly that she just had to take back one of

　　her male pups, because he “has too much drive!” What did she mean by

　　that? The pup had been destructive in the house. Her interpretation of

　　the pup’s shredding of the owners’ belongings was that it was a sign he

　　had excellent drive.

　　另有个当地的繁育者自豪地宣称，她不得不把（送出）的一条小公犬带回来的原因是：它“有太多的驱力！”这是什么意思？原来这条小公犬在主人家里大搞破坏。而她把小犬毁害主人财物的行为，视为具有优秀驱力的标志。

　　A vet described her male GSD as being “very drivey”. Did that mean he

　　loves to chase a ball? Well, no. Not really. She meant that he has a

　　great deal of energy.

　　还有个兽医说她的德牧“驱力强劲”。这是说她的犬很爱追球吗？当然不是。她的意思是说这条犬精力实在旺盛。

　　Once again, we have to wonder if any of us are actually talking about the

　　same thing. Among working dog people, you will hear a lot of talk about

　　drives. But, what are they? What do they look like? Too often, the term

　　is applied to describe dogs who have high activity levels, but the

　　activity is scattered and unfocused. When we’re looking for working dogs,

　　we’re looking for high energy, of course, but also drives that can be

　　channeled and focused.

　　我们一再发现，我们实际谈论的并非是同一件事。在工作犬友中，你会听到很多“驱力”的谈论。但“驱力”究竟是什么呢？它是什么样子？有太多的时候，人们只是用这个术语来描述具有高活跃性水准的狗，但要记住活跃性本身是分散而不集中的。当我们寻找工作犬，我们的确在寻找高活跃性的狗，但要记住“驱力”是能引导和集中的。

　　A drive is an internal mechanism that pushes the dog into taking action.

　　All dogs have certain basic drives. The only real difference among dogs

　　is a matter of degree. Think of each drive being on a continuum.

　　驱力是一种推动犬行动的内在机制。所有犬只均具有特定的基本驱力。犬与犬之间的真实区别只是程度上的不同。要把每种驱力视为一个连续统。

　　As a Real GSD enthusiast, the drives you will be primarily concerned with

　　are: rank, prey, defense and pack. Keep in mind that each drive is tied

　　to the survival of the animal. For example, to survive in the wild, a dog

　　must have the willingness and ability to capture and kill prey. Drives

　　are badly misunderstood, too often with tragic results.

　　真正的德牧迷，首先要关注的驱力包括：等级序列驱力（等级性），捕猎驱力（猎性），防御性驱力（护卫性）和集群驱力（集群性）。要记住，每种驱力都与它的生存密切相关。举例来说，为了在大自然中求生存，一条犬必须具有猎捕并杀死猎物的意愿和能力。驱力常被严重误解，从而导致太多的悲剧结果。【注10】

　　【注10】：关于驱力的日常用语的译法，参看【注释1】。在更严格的区别下，猎性或捕猎驱力可以划分出一个从寻迹到猎杀的系列。由此而分出偏重追猎与猎杀的狗。还能由追猎中，再分出视猎与嗅猎。

　　“猎性”这里指的是狗天性里的“捕猎驱力”。

　　服从性指的是通过动机激励和强化的训练方式，达到的受训结果。

　　玩性指的是“玩耍驱力”。

　　其实也就是“学习驱力”：发现问题，解决问题，并从中得到乐趣。

　　可以定义为一种无功利目的的，能够通过自身获得满足的内在驱力。

　　在大自然中，这种驱力本身一般只在幼兽身上表现出来。

　　玩性可以包括：

　　一，假装捕猎，将任何合适当玩具的东西充满追想敌。

　　二，假装打斗，尽可能地结交群内其他伙伴，搞清它们的阶级序列，建立自己的序列和伙伴关系。

　　三，积极探索周边环境的好奇心；

　　此外还有：

　　通过玩耍认识南边其他的活的动物；

　　区分食物和非食物；

　　敌人、朋友和无害者。等等～

　　最重要的还是那种假装捕猎的行为本身，而给它的内心的满足。

　　高智商与高服从性的狗，通常是那种玩性强烈，持续一生的狗。

　　可惜国内的犬舍，对于重视幼犬的嬉闹，以及成犬工作性训练之余的开发智商的娱乐，可能还重视不够。

　　玩性可以看作猎性的幼年表现或成年犬的娱乐，自娱自乐。

　　对于真正的猎捕与玩耍，犬是能分清的。

　　第二节 等级序列驱力

　　Rank Drive

　　This one should be familiar, it’s the dominance vs submissive question.

　　Rank drive has to do with the dog’s desire to improve his social standing.

　　A dog who is high in rank drive will attempt to grab the highest position

　　in the hierarchy. Again, you will see wide variation among dogs. Some

　　dogs will fight to the death to assume the Alpha position as to the other

　　dogs in the household, but be completely respectful of humans and accept

　　human leadership without a fuss.

　　第二节 等级序列驱力

　　这个大家都熟悉，就是“统治”对“服从”的问题。等级序列驱力驱策着犬的欲望以提高自己的社会地位。高等级序列驱力的狗，会试图夺犬群序列的最高地位。同样，这个驱力在犬中也有很广的变异。当家里有其它犬时，有些犬会为争头狗而搏斗至死。然而这些犬对人却是全然尊敬，毫无疑问地接受人类的领导地位。

　　Some dogs will, however attempt to dominate humans. But, remember it’s

　　always a matter of degree. There is a wide range here, from a mildly rank

　　driven dog who has a cocky attitude to a dog who won’t hesitate to come up

　　leash and nail his handler. High rank drive dogs can actually be fun to

　　train because they are so self confident. But, in its extreme form, it’s

　　not a good trait for novice handlers to seek out. When trained

　　motivationally, sane high rank drive dogs can be real stars in many types

　　of work. They’re smart and they like showing off. Use that. If you’re

　　struggling to live happily with a dominant pet dog, you’ll find lots of

　　help in my book, I Love My Dog, But . . . (1999 Avon Books).

　　某些犬甚至试图统治人类。但要记住，这是个范围很宽的程度问题：从一条态度傲慢具有温和等级序列驱力的犬，到一条毫不犹豫抗拒牵绳并钳咬训导员的犬。因其自信，高等级序列驱力意识的犬很乐于接受训练。但在极端形式下，训犬新手寻求这一驱力并不适当。以激励的方式受训，健全的高等级序列驱力的犬会在许多工作领域成为真正的明星。他们聪明机警，很乐于表现。利用这一点。如果你有条统治欲强的宠物犬，并为如何国内外了开心生活而烦恼，我的书《我爱我的狗，但是……》会给你很多帮助。

　　Another term you’ll hear bandied about and often misused is hardness.

　　Breeders will advertise pups from parents with “super hardness”. The

　　correct definition for the term hardness is resilience. A hard dog is one

　　who doesn’t fall apart under stress. Extreme handler hardness, while

　　revered by many in the working dog community makes for a difficult dog to

　　handle safely. An overly soft dog is one who will wilt at the slightest

　　correction. Novices are generally better off with a dog who has some

　　degree of hardness and won’t be adversely affected by a poorly timed or

　　overly harsh correction. A soft dog will show avoidance behavior in

　　response to stress. Or, to confuse you, there are dogs who will display

　　defensive aggression in response to an over-correction.

　　另一个你反复听说而常被误用的术语是“强硬”【注11】。繁殖者会把幼犬从父母遗传的“超级强硬”作为卖点。而术语“强硬”的正确定义是恢复力。一条硬狗不会在应激压力下倒下。在工作犬界许多人推崇这种狗，而极端强硬训导员才能使这种难训的狗，被安全训导。一条过度软弱的犬因最轻微的修正而衰弱。新手通常比较适合训练具有一定强硬度的犬只，它们不会因指令时机不当或过度苛刻的修正而受负面影响。一条软狗在应激压力前的反应是逃避行为，或者，为让你困惑不已，有些犬面对过度修正的反应则是展示防御性进攻。

　　【注11】强硬hardness，这个词本身就有“坚硬”、“严厉”和“勇气”的含义。

　　在工作犬训犬术语中“强硬”与“软弱”Hardness vs. Softness释义：

　　“强硬”与“软弱”是用来表达犬只在应激性压力情境下的行为及情绪反应的术语。役用型工作犬在其训练与作业的过程中，必然面临种种应激性的压力情境。评估犬只对于应激的情绪及行为反应就显得非常重要。经历应激情境（创伤性压力）而具有高恢复力或痊愈力的犬只，就称为“硬狗-”。

　　恢复慢或无法恢复的就叫“软狗”。

　　此外，在日常语言中，“强硬”还用来称呼一条具有高战斗驱力（斗性）的狗。甚至那些在科目训练中低受训性的犬，也被称为“硬狗”。具有低勇气或低战斗驱力（斗性）的狗，就叫“软狗”。

　　尽管上述用语与正确使用的术语“强硬”有一定的关联度。

　　但对于役用型工作犬的训导员而言，务必要分清上述词语所表达的不同含义。

　　第三节 防御驱力

　　Defense Drive

　　By far, this drive causes more confusion than any other. Defense drive

　　refers to the dog’s instinct to defend himself. It is part of the self

　　preservation instinct. Thus, a complete absence of any defense drive in

　　the GSD would be faulty temperament. Though we would expect to see very

　　little defense drive in a Lab. That breed isn’t supposed to have a great

　　deal of suspicion toward humans. Whether this drive is problematic depends

　　both on the strength of the drive and the threshold at which the drive

　　kicks in. We will talk in depth about thresholds in the next section.

　　第三节 防御驱力

　　目前为止，对这一驱力的混淆看法比任何其他驱力更甚。防御驱力是指犬防卫自身的本能。它是自存本能的一部分。故此，一条完全缺乏任何防御驱力的德牧，便意味着禀性缺陷。（与德牧不同）我们期望于拉拉的，则是几乎不具备防御驱力。这个品种不应对人类有太重的怀疑心。这一驱力是否有问题，既取决于这一驱力的强度，也取决于激发这一驱力的阈值。下一章我们将深入讨论阈值问题。

　　When a dog is in defense drive, he is displaying aggressive behaviors.

　　Barking, lunging, snapping, snarling and growling are part of the

　　constellation. The dog’s hackles may be up. Understand that the dog

　　feels that he must fight for his life. A dog in defense drive is under

　　extreme stress. He may be feeling extremely ambivalent, and you’ll see

　　ears swiveling back and forth, the dog may bark and back up, then move

　　forward again. This is why good trainers never, ever introduce elements of

　　defense into protection training until the dog has sufficient emotional

　　maturity and self confidence to be able to manage his stress. Defensive

　　behavior is not fun for the dog. Unfortunately, it seems to be really fun

　　for far too many owners.

　　处于防御驱力下的犬只，将表现出进攻性行为。诸如：吠叫、低嚎、扑咬、吼叫和咆哮等等。犬的颈毛耸起。这表示此犬感到它必须为生命而战。处于防御驱力下的犬只，承受巨大的应激压力。它会感觉到极端的矛盾情绪。你会看到犬耳在前后转动，它一边吠叫一边后退，然后再次向前。这就是为什么，除非当一条犬已达到足够的情绪成熟，它的自信足以对付应激压力前时，优秀训导员绝对绝对不会在护卫训练中引入防御性诸要素的原因所在。防御行为对犬不是什么乐事。不幸在于，有太多太多的犬主却乐此不疲。

　　It’s easy to understand why so many people mistake a defensive display

　　with genuine protection. Remember, the dog who is in defense feels

　　threatened. All of the lunging, snarling and other displays have one

　　common goal: to drive the threat back. That’s why a defensive display

　　has such forwardness to it, the dog wants to push the threat away. The

　　best analogy I’ve heard so far was to compare the dog in defense drive to

　　a solitary wolf being confronted by a grizzly bear (I believe this analogy

　　was written by Donn Yarnell). The lone wolf knows he cannot win this

　　fight and feels that he is not free to flee. So, he puts on a big show,

　　hoping to drive the bear off.

　　很易理解，为何如此多的人会将防御性表现与真正的护卫混淆。记住，防御中的犬正感受威胁。所有这些低嚎、咆哮及其他表现只有一个共同目的：驱走这威胁。这就是为什么防御性的表现会如此急切，犬想赶走这威胁。目前我听过的一个可以类似于此的最佳例子是：将一条防御中的犬比拟于一只正与灰熊正面对抗的孤狼（我相信这个类比是唐